Cycles of Chinese Empires and Steppe Confederation

Cycle

Chinese Dynasty

Foreign Dynasty

Steppe Empire

Bentley's Eras

 

1. Ch'in and Han

221 BC - 220 AD

 

Hsiung-Nu

209 BC - 155 AD

200 BC

Cycle 1

2. Disruption

220 - 581

Ancient Silk Roads

 

3. T'o-pa Wei

(and others)

386 - 556

 

400 AD

4. Sui and T'ang

581 - 907

1 st Turkish

552 - 630

2 nd Turkish

683 - 734

500 AD

 

Sea lanes open

5. Sung

960 - 1279

6. Liao (Khitan)

907 - 1125

Uighur

745 - 840

 

Cycle 2

7. Chin (Jurchen)

1115 - 1234

1000 AD

Major changes and Mongol Era

 

8. Yuan (Mongol)

1206 - 1368

Mongol

Oirats

Eastern

Mongols

Zunghars

 

Cycle 3

9. Ming

1368 - 1644

10. Ch'ing

1616 - 1912

1350 AD

1500 AD

Recent

1900 AD

Sources: Thomas Barfield's table, from Chase-Dunn C. & Hall Th. D. "Rise and Demise: comparing world-systems", Westview Press, 1997.

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